Health facilities have also been substantially damaged, impacting patients, health care workers and emergency crews.

On March 1, the facade of the Gandhi Hospital in northern Tehran was ripped off during heavy strikes that appeared to target Iranian state television facilities across the street.

Videos taken on a government media tour from outside and inside the hospital show the extent of the strike’s damage.

The hospital was forced to evacuate its patients, including at least one infant in an incubator, according to Iran’s health ministry, hospital officials in interviews with Iranian state media, and footage verified by The Times.

“We have newborn babies,” Dr. Mohammad Hassan Bani Assad, the hospital’s president, told Iranian state television. “We had eight patients in the I.C.U., two in critical condition. Women giving birth. Embryos in our fertility department.”

The bombing forced another hospital complex in the city of Bushehr, in southern Iran, to evacuate babies.

In footage shared by the Iranian Red Crescent Society and verified by The Times, an emergency worker grew emotional as he looked over infants in the hospital’s damaged newborn ward.

“If we disconnect what they’re hooked up to, they will die,” he said. “Look at them. This poor kid. This dear child.”

Under international humanitarian law, military commanders planning a strike must consider the risk of incidental damage to civilians and civilian infrastructure. In each attack, they are supposed to weigh the expected military gains against expected civilian harm, and take precautions to minimize that harm.

Experts said that Mr. Hegseth has dismantled many of the systems meant to help the United States abide by such obligations. They noted that the defense secretary has fired the military’s top lawyers, who advise military leaders on domestic and international laws of armed conflict, and that he has closed Pentagon offices and terminated positions designed to reduce and respond to civilian harm.

Mr. Hegseth has also boasted about his efforts to scale back what he has called “stupid rules of engagement.”

Oona Hathaway, a professor of international law at Yale Law School, said those rules “were developed precisely to prevent this kind of civilian harm,” referring to the damage caused to Iran’s schools and hospitals. Ms. Hathaway was one of over 100 U.S.-based international law experts who signed an open letter this month expressing “profound concern over serious violations of international law” during the war.

On Monday, Mr. Trump, who has threatened to bomb Iran “back to the Stone Ages,” brushed off a question about the possibility that U.S. attacks on civilian infrastructure could amount to war crimes. Iran has also been accused of striking civilian infrastructure in the Middle East.

Capt. Tim Hawkins, a spokesman for U.S. Central Command, the military headquarters leading the war, told The Times that it takes reports of civilian harm “seriously” and that it does not “deliberately target civilians.”

He declined to answer detailed questions about the steps it was taking to minimize civilian harm in Iran, citing the ongoing investigation into the strike that killed scores of children at the school in Minab. He referred other questions to the Defense Department, which also declined to comment, citing the investigation.

The Israeli military said in a statement that it “operates in accordance with the law of armed conflict” and takes precautions, “as much as possible under the circumstances,” to mitigate civilian harm. The military “invests significant efforts in assessing potential civilian harm” before a strike, the statement added.

Many strikes hit Iran’s dense capital

About half of the damaged schools and health care facilities identified by The Times’s analysis were in Tehran, a crowded and typically bustling city, where the bombing has been intense.

According to the Iranian Red Crescent Society, more than 46,000 residential and commercial units have also been damaged in the capital.

During the war, the United States and Israel have struck not only the facilities of the Islamic Revolutionary Guards Corps, but also government buildings, intelligence offices and police stations.

As in many cities around the world, those sites are often near schools, hospitals and residential buildings. In Tehran, multiple strikes hit the police headquarters in the Vanak neighborhood during the first days of the war and damaged several nearby hospitals, according to satellite imagery analyzed by The Times.

A video shot from near the Red Crescent building and verified by The Times shows a massive smoke plume rising from the site of the police headquarters.

Instances verified by The Times of damage to schools and health care facilities caused by strikes on civilian neighborhoods are “within the scope of foreseeable effects” that military commanders are meant to minimize, said Mara Revkin, a professor and scholar of armed conflict at the Duke University School of Law.

The World Health Organization has verified at least 23 attacks on the Iranian health care system, including 11 attacks on health care facilities, said Dr. Hanan Balkhy, the W.H.O.’s regional director for the Eastern Mediterranean. Six of the 11 facility attacks that the W.H.O. has verified were in Tehran.

Iran’s health care system is still “standing on its feet,” but operating under increasing strain, with disruptions to patient services and continuity of care for chronic conditions becoming more difficult, Dr. Balkhy said, adding, “Destroying health care and access to health care and doctors and medication is harm.”