越疆攻機械人市場 連年虧損 – 20241216 – 經濟 – 每日明報

撰文 旻晞

首家「18C」公司,晶泰(2228)於今年6月首日掛牌升近9.9%;第二家黑芝麻(2533)於8月首日掛牌則跌27%;但按截至上周五計,前者股價累跌25%;後者則升7.5%。似乎「18C」公司股價亦純是「各自修為」。越疆主要從事協作機械人的設計、開發、製造及商業化。其協作機械人產品獲全球客戶採用,用於製造、零售、醫療健康、STEAM教育、科研場景等眾多領域的使用場景。根據灼識諮詢報告,按2023年的出貨量計,集團於全球協作機械人行業中排名前二,並在中國所有協作機械人公司中排名第一,全球市場份額為13%,僅次於丹麥的優傲。不過若論去年收入計,越疆則於全球排名第七,全球市場份額為3.6%,兩項排名的不同,反映了越疆產品平均定價水平較同業相對低。

越疆目前提供4個系列共27款協作機械人型號,可滿足製造、零售、醫療健康、STEAM教育、科研等眾多領域的大量使用場景。於往績紀錄期間,越疆在全球售出超過53,000台協作機械人。協作機械人按軸數主要分為兩類,分別為四軸協作機械人及六軸協作機械人。越疆主要銷售CR系列及Nova系列的六軸協作機械人,其六軸協作機械人可用於執行各式各樣工作。

去年毛利率下滑至43.5%

至於越疆的四軸協作機械人系列主要包括Magician系列及M系列,均採用一體輕量化設計,體積小巧,易於在桌面上運用。前者主要專為教育機構設計,用於協助不同程度的學生學習STEAM課程,如AI及編程、協作機械人應用培訓及科訓。M系列則專為輕工製造業客戶設計的四軸協作機械人型號,如MG400是一款小型桌面四軸協作機械人,配備拖動示教及碰檢測功能,減少人手參與貼標及電組件測試等活動。

相對四軸協作機械人(下簡稱「四軸」、「六軸」),六軸的應用行業則更為廣泛,如上述提及的CR系列,已應用包括零售、醫療、化工等行業,事實上,目前越疆所擁有的27款型號產品中有22款都屬於六軸。以致按收入分佈計,2021年越疆來自四軸和六軸大體仍相若,分別為42:43左右,但至去年來自六軸協作機械人的收入比已提升至47.9%、反之四軸降至36.8%。按今年上半年數據,六軸產品平均售價達4.7萬元(人民幣,下同);反之四軸僅為8200元。不過賣得貴亦未必等於毛利率高,今年上半年其六軸產品毛利率為47.2%;反之四軸卻有54.4%,這便解釋了集團毛利率何以持續回落,由2021年的50.5%,跌至去年及今年上半年的43.5%及43.9%。另外,越疆亦已設計並推出複合機械人,以應對各個行業中的特定使用場景,例如碼垛、焊接、移動操作及職業培訓。

目前越疆產品已銷往全球如歐洲、美洲及日本、韓國等地,儘管內地仍是主要市場(去年收入佔比達40.9%)。有趣是賺外國人生意利錢似乎較豐厚,如今年上半年其內地市場毛利率僅40.2%,反之歐洲及美洲市場分別達到54.8%及54.7%,看來繼續拓展海外市場應是集團未來發展方向之一。

不過要開拓市場,銷售及分銷開支少不了。值得關注是越疆銷售及經銷開支近年急促增長、增速已超越收入,主要由僱員福利開支推升;佔收入比重亦由2021年的36.5%遞升至今年上半年的51.9%,往績期間相關收入佔比甚至持續高於研發開支。去年越疆銷售及分銷開支急升42.7%,其中一個原因便是去年集團就海外市場增聘36名銷售人員,亦為拓展海外業務而增加廣告及其他推廣計劃所致。

銷售開支急升 手頭現金跌34%

全球協作機械人市場規模由2019年的4.67億美元大幅增加至2023年的10.4億美元,複合年增長率為22.2%,預期到2028年達49.5億美元,2023年至2028年的複合年增長率為36.6%,市場規模料仍快速增長。越疆的收入由2021年的1.74億元以複合年增長率28.3%增加至去年的2.87億元,但今年上半年收入增速大幅放緩至9.6%。其中一原因,是今年上半年集團的四軸收入按年跌9.2%,越疆指是由於其有策略地調整教育場景產品組合,導致若干四軸產品銷量下降。

事實上,儘管協作機械人市場仍在快速增長,但競爭之劇烈亦不容忽視,按出貨量計,越疆雖為全球第二大,惟全球五大參與者市佔率仍未過半,只有46.3%;再按收入計越疆市佔率僅3.6%,故不難理解越疆於銷售分銷及廣告投入開支高踞不下的原因。連年虧損,亦令集團現金持續流走,截至今年6月底,越疆手頭現金為7303萬元,較去年底跌34%。越疆於招股書提及,假設未來平均現金消耗率與今年6月底止12個月相若,即約1110萬元,估計按6月底手頭現金及集資所得(只計及用作營運資金的10%),可使其維持約25.8個月財務能力,若計入集資淨額全數,則可維持79.9個月財務能力。

集團預期要作下一輪集資,緩衝期至少為12個月。越疆的領航資深投資者包括深圳國資委旗下的深創投、深圳市財政局及招商證券(6099)有份持股的松禾成長,以及前海股權、中金(3908)等,相關投資者持股介乎4.49%至6.05%不等。

(本網發表的文章若提出批評,旨在指出相關制度、政策或措施存在錯誤或缺點,目的是促使矯正或消除這些錯誤或缺點,循合法途徑予以改善,絕無意圖煽動他人對政府或其他社群產生憎恨、不滿或敵意。)

[新股巡禮]



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